不同矮化中间砧对金冠苹果树体及根系生长发育的影响

本试验以嫁接不同矮化中间砧的2年生盆栽金冠苹果树为试材,研究不同矮化砧木对金冠树体及根系生长发育的影响。结果表明,不同矮化中间砧影响金冠苹果树体及根系的生长发育。中间砧为GM256的金冠苹果,树体高度及新梢生长量最大,除根系直径外,其余根系形态指标也均为最大值,树体矮化效果最差;SH1树体矮化效果最好;SH6矮化中间砧木与接穗亲和性最好,辽砧2号组合的亲和性最差;d≦0.5mm根径级的毛细根为金冠苹果幼树根系中的主要组成部分。     

Effect of different levels of raw and heated grass pea seed (Lathyrus sativus) on nutrient digestibility,intestinal villus morphology and growth performance of broiler chicks

This study aimed to investigate chemical composition and effect of different levels (0%, 10% and 20%) of raw grass pea (RGP) and heat‐treated (120 °C for 30 min) grass pea seed (HGP) on nutrient digestibility, dressing percentage, relative internal organ weights, intestinal villous morphology and broiler chicks' performance. A total number of 200 day‐old male chicks were raised under similar condition for 10 days. On day 11, chicks were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments and four replicates of 10 birds each. The result of chemical analysis indicated that Iranian grass pea seed has low levels of total and condensed tannin, and it may be considered as a good source of protein (36.1%) and energy (17.09 kJ GE/g). Heat treatment reduced (p < 0.05) the total and condensed tannin to 21% and 78% respectively. Grass peas seed had higher levels of nitrogen‐free extract, P, Na, Mg and Zn than soya bean meal. The apparent digestibility of gross energy and lipid was affected (p < 0.01) by the treatment diets, and it was the lowest after feeding 20% of HGP (p < 0.05). The relative weight of breast and pancreas (p < 0.05) was affected by treatments. Percentage weight of breast and pancreas increased (p < 0.05) after feeding high levels (20%) of RGP and HGP. Substitution of 20% of RGP and HGP increased the duodenal crypt depth (p < 0.05); however, it had no suppressive effect on villus height as the absorptive surface of intestine. The feed conversion ratio was not affected by the treatments in the total experimental period. This study showed that, although the high level of grass pea seed caused a remarkable increase in the relative weight of pancreas and decreased the apparent digestibility of gross energy and lipid, it had beneficial effect on breast relative weight. It seems that heat processing is not effective method for improving quality of Iranian grass pea seed.     

紫花针茅生殖器官形态的变异及其与环境因子的关系

紫花针茅(Stipa purpurea)是青藏高原分布面积最广的植物之一,对高原环境具有广泛的适应性。该植物具有的锥形繁殖体(包括种子和附属结构),是其适应环境的主要特征之一。为揭示该植物对高原环境的适应性表现,本研究对不同纬度的20个紫花针茅种群繁殖体的形态特征及其与环境的关系进行比较研究。结果表明,1)种长的变化幅度为0.692~1.255 cm,种宽的变化幅度为0.392~0.713 mm,芒长的变化幅度为2.394~8.736cm,种子重的变化幅度为0.678~1.560 mg。芒长和种子重具有较高的种群间变异系数。种子重与种长呈极显著正相关关系(P0.01),和芒长呈显著正相关关系(P0.05);种长、种宽、芒长相互之间均呈极显著正相关关系。2)种长、种子重与等效纬度均呈显著正相关关系,与年均降水量均呈显著负相关关系;种长与年均温呈现出凸型变异的关系。3)20个种群依据繁殖体特征进行聚类分析可分为3组,聚类结果与地理分布基本一致。     

青海高原禾草内生真菌资源的调查和分离

青海高原的高寒特性决定其生境内禾草植物的多样性和特异性,然而有关青海高原地区禾草内生真菌的研究报道较少,本研究对青海高原地区48个样点内禾草植物内生真菌带菌率和内生真菌分离进行了研究.结果表明,14种禾本科植物内生真菌平均感染率低于50％,而12种植物内生真菌平均感染率大于50％.其中,缘毛鹅观草(Roegneria pendulina)、紫花针茅(Stipa purpurea)、醉马草(Achnatherum inebrians)、中华羊茅(Festuca sinensis)、硬质早熟禾(Poa sphondylodes)、微药羊茅(F.nitidula)、毛稃羊茅(F.kiritowii)和紫羊茅(F.rubra) 的平均带菌率均超过80％.同时,同属禾草植物内生真菌带菌率存在差异.禾草内生真菌分离率较低,其中紫花针茅、麦宾草(El ymus tangutorum)、光稃早熟禾(P.psiolepis)和异针茅(S.aliena)内生真菌在菌落和分生孢子形态上存在差异.可见,青海高原禾草内生真菌带菌率较高,同时不同禾草内生真菌可能存在多样性.     

Living on the edge: morphological and behavioral adaptations to a marginal high-elevation habitat in an arboreal mammal

Habitats are characterized by different local environmental conditions that influence both behavior and morphology of species, which can result in habitat-dependent phenotypic differences among animals living in heterogeneous environments. We studied 3 alpine populations of Eurasian red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris), 1 living in a marginal high-elevation habitat at the edge of the species’ altitudinal distribution, and 2 occurring in higher-quality habitats. Here, we investigated whether squirrels living in the marginal area differed in 2 morphological parameters (body size and body mass) and/or in the expression of 4 personality traits estimated with an open field test and a mirror image stimulation test (activity, exploration, activity-exploration, and social tendency). Furthermore, we tested whether within-individual variance of the traits (behavioral plasticity) was higher in the edge habitat. Male squirrels in the edge habitat were smaller and weighed less than in the other study areas, while among females, size–habitat relationships were less marked. These sex-specific patterns were explained by a strong association between body mass and reproductive success in female squirrels. Squirrels in the marginal habitat were more active, explorative, and had a more social personality than in the other habitats. However, in contrast to our predictions, behavioral plasticity was smaller in the marginal habitat, but only for the trait exploration. Our results suggest that animals choose the habitat that best fits their personality, and that habitat-related differences in selective pressures may shape animals’ morphology.     

Unraveling the morphological patterns of a subantarctic eelpout: a geometric morphometric approach

Phenotypic variation in organisms depends on the genotype and the environmental constraints of the habitat that they exploit. Therefore, for marine species inhabiting contrasting aquatic conditions, it is expected to find covariation between the shape and its spatial distribution. We studied the morphology of the head and cephalic sensory canals of the eelpout Austrolycus depressiceps (4.5–22.5 cm TL) across its latitudinal distribution in South Pacific (45°S–55°S). Geometric morphometric analyses show that the shape varied from individuals with larger snout and an extended suborbital canal to individuals with shorter snouts and frontally compressed suborbital canal. There was size variation across the sampled populations, but that size does not have a clear latitudinal gradient. Only 8% of the shape variation relates to this size variation (allometry), represented by a decrease in the relative size of the eye, and a depression of the posterior margin of the head. There were spatial differences in the shape of the head, but these differences were probably caused by allometric effects. Additionally, 2 of the canals of the cephalic lateralis pores and the head shape showed modularity in its development. This study shows that the morphology of marine fish with a shallow distribution varies across distances of hundreds of kilometers (i.e., phenotypic modulation).     

西南桦人工林木材纤维形态株内变异研究

为研究西南桦人工林的木材物理力学性能,对其禾材纤维形态进行了测试.结果表明:径向上纤维长度、纤维宽度、纤维长宽比在髓心处较小,沿髓心向外逐渐增大并渐趋稳定,纤维壁腔比在髓心处较大,沿髓心向外逐渐减小并渐趋稳定;轴向上纤维长度、宽度、长宽比在树根处较小,随树木长高逐渐增大并逐步趋于稳定,纤维壁腔比在树根处较大,随树木长高逐渐减小并逐步趋于稳定.西南桦人工林木材纤维较长,纤维长宽比较大,纤维壁腔比较小,纤维形态表明西南桦人工林木材是适合用于制浆造纸工业的极好原料.     

花色多态植物紫薇花部综合特征与繁育系统

[目的]紫薇具有红色、紫色和白色等显著不同的花色以及形态、大小和颜色明显不同的2种雄蕊,使其成为花色多态型和异型雄蕊研究的良好材料.对紫薇花部综合特征和繁育系统进行系统研究,探究紫薇不同花色植株的繁殖策略以及2种雄蕊在传粉过程中的功能作用.[方法]通过野外定点观测,采用传粉昆虫调查、人工授粉以及人工控制套袋试验等方法对紫薇3种花色植株的花部形态特征、开花进程、传粉式样以及花朵的功能形态特征进行检测.[结果]1)3种花色植株的花期和单花开放进程基本相同(单花花期为4～5天).2)3种花色植株的花在形态特征上存在差异.3)3种花色植株的短雄蕊数表现为白色花植株＞紫色花植株＞红色花植株,花色间存在显著差异(P＜0.05);红色花植株的单花花粉量和P/O值显著低于其他2种花色植株(P＜0.05).4)3种花色植株的花粉活性和柱头可授性动态变化趋势相似;花粉寿命与柱头可授期有部分重叠,长雄蕊花粉活性最高时期早于柱头最佳可授期,短雄蕊的与柱头最佳可授期同步;白色和紫色花植株的柱头最佳可授期比红色花植株的长(约2h).5)2种雄蕊在形态、颜色、花粉量、人工控制试验条件下的结实率和结籽数以及传粉昆虫访花行为等方面都存在显著差异,说明2种雄蕊在传粉过程中存在功能分化,即黄色短雄蕊主要起招引昆虫作用,暗黄色长雄蕊主要起传粉作用;但2种雄蕊在花粉活性、花粉组织化学成分以及人工控制授粉后的结实率等方面均无显著差异,表明二者在生理上尚未分化;去除雄蕊试验表明,雄蕊的排列方式是影响2种雄蕊功能分化程度的重要因素.6)P/O值、套袋试验以及传粉昆虫观察结果表明,紫薇不存在无融合生殖、主动自交和自交不亲和现象,其交配方式是以异交为主、自交亲和的兼性异交繁育系统.7)传粉昆虫对红色花植株有明显偏好,访问该花色植株的频率显著高于其他2种花色植株(P＜0.01);人工授粉后,白色和紫色花植株的结实率显著提高.[结论]在自然条件下,紫薇的白色和紫色花植株存在一定的花粉限制.此时,增加对雄性功能的投入、延长柱头最佳可授期是其维持繁殖成效的适应策略;在传粉过程中,2种雄蕊既有分工,又有协作.2种雄蕊花药开裂时间不同步,花粉活力维持时间也不同,花粉的这种装配机制是紫薇提高花粉输出效率的繁殖策略.     

核桃楸不同地点种子形态及苗期生长的初步研究

不同采种地点核桃楸种子形态及苗期生长指标的观测结果表明:江源的种子小,苗木生长量低,苗木生长变异系数大;磐石的种子较大,差异性小,出苗率高,苗高性状差异小,生长良好,且呈稳定增长趋势。所有采种地点的苗木地茎均无明显差异。综合不同采种地点的种子形态和苗期生长表现,磐石采种点的种子优于其他7个采种点,适合作优良种子使用。